Observable Effects and Peculiarities of the Low-Energy Quantum Gravity

Abstract

The existence of a background of ultra-strongly interacting gravitons is a key postulate of the author's low-energy gravity model. Side effects of the model due to photons interacting with this background may be important for cosmology, and their observation would be essential to support the model. The most important such effect is the quantum redshift mechanism, which may constitute an alternative to the generally accepted mechanism associated with the expansion of the universe. The model should have a weakening of the light flux due to a change in the number of photons, which replaces the influence of dark energy. Scattered photons may form a new background that can be detected by deep space missions. Some important predictions of the model are tested using observational data sets of Supernovae Ia (SNe Ia), compact quasars, and Lyman-alpha emitters. The article shows that the linear function H(z) of the model satisfactorily describes the results of measurements of the Hubble parameter. Using a trial function for the weakening parameter, the possibility of a different interpretation of the Hubble tension is illustrated. The increasing angular diameter distance of this model is fitted to a set of 120 measurements of the angular sizes of compact quasars with redshifts of 0.46–2.76 with independent calibration of their linear sizes. Attention is drawn to the possibility of a false interpretation of changes in the measured sizes of Lyman-alpha emitters observed by the James Webb Space Telescope in the redshift range of 3–7 as evolutionary effects in the ΛCDM model, since these changes can be due to the increasing angular diameter distance of this model.

Received: 14 August 2025 | Revised: 10 October 2025 | Accepted: 1 January 2026

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-022-00040-z, reference number [9]; https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/85, reference number [19]; https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730551, reference number [25]; and https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2508.05052, reference number [26].

Author Contribution Statement

Michael A. Ivanov: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.