Multimodal Multiphoton Tomography with a Compact Femtosecond Fiber Laser

Abstract

Multiphoton tomography (MPT) based on near infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser technology has become a versatile high-resolution clinical and research imaging tool. We report on multimodal MPT with the air-cooled fiber laser tomograph MPTcompact. The ultracompact passively mode-locked erbium-doped 50/80 MHz laser operating at 780 nm is directly integrated into the 360° imaging head mounted on a flexible mechanical arm. The tomograph provides optical biopsies with subcellular resolution and optical metabolic imaging capability based on two-photon autofluorescence (AF), second harmonic generation, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) by time-correlated single photon counting with 250 ps temporal resolution, reflectance confocal microscopy, and white LED light CMOS camera imaging. For the first time, NIR femtosecond laser pulses have been used on human skin to realize simultaneous one-photon confocal imaging and two-photon imaging. Most useful information is provided by the two-photon excited intratissue AF of the coenzymes NAD(P)H and flavins. The signals of both types of coenzymes can be separated by FLIM. Furthermore, the free and protein-bound forms can be distinguished by time-resolved AF detection because the protein-bound NADH has one order higher AF lifetime than free (non-bound) NADH. The tomograph contains onboard storage batteries so that it can operate for up to a few hours independently from external power supply. Applications include in vivo cancer detection and in situ evaluation of anti-aging drugs and pharmaceuticals. The tomograph MPTcompact has been successfully tested in a clinical multicenter study for the diagnosis of malignant melanoma on 100 patients with suspicious pigmented lesions. MPT has the potential to realize non-invasive high-resolution label-free in vivo histology within minutes and, therefore, to reduce the number of physically taken biopsies.

Received: 14 September 2023 | Revised: 27 November 2023 | Accepted: 12 December 2023

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. The author is the founder and CEO of the company JenLab GmbH.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this paper. The data including the final report that supports the findings of the multicenter multiphoton skin imaging study “Mi-MulTo” are available in the European Database of Medical Devices (EUDAMED) and the German Medical Device Information and DATA Bank System (DIMDI) of the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) under the EUDAMED number CIV-18-02-022924 at www.bfarm.de and in reference (König et al., 2021).