Smart Assistive Shoe for Blind People Based on IoT

Abstract

Innovations that help people with special needs are among the most important services scientific research can provide to serve societies. From this standpoint, the idea behind this work is to help blind and visually impaired people live their lives normally. For example, it is difficult for blind people to walk independently; they must rely on others in most of their daily activities. Walking on the streets is one of the most difficult problems that blind people face, as they cannot notice every obstacle on the road using a cane. From this perspective, the proposed model in this work served this sector of society and made it more effective. The model presented in our work includes designing a smart shoe based on Internet of Things technologies, a Mobile App, sensors, Raspberry Pi microcontrollers, a camera, and an integrated alarm device. The smart shoe offers a long-term solution for the visually impaired. Moreover, it will allow them to reach their destination without stress and independently. The model was tested under different conditions, and the results were satisfactory, as the accuracy reached 80%.

Received: 13 November 2025 | Revised: 5 January 2026 | Accepted: 13 January 2026

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contribution Statement

Muneera Altayeb: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Supervision, Project administration. Laith Al-mandeel: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Areen Arabiat: Validation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.