Clinical Efficacy of Neuromodulation Interventions and Rehabilitation Advancements in Ataxic Subtypes

Abstract

Ataxia is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs motor and functional ability due to cerebellar dysfunction. Conventional therapies, which include pharmacological interventions, offer limited benefits, creating a need for mechanism-based and objectively measurable alternatives. Current therapeutic strategies increasingly focus on neuromodulation techniques, physical training, hybrid protocols, and the use of smart wearable technology in some of these therapies. This review compares the clinical efficacy of physical therapy, neuromodulation techniques—deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)—and their hybrid therapy modalities, aiming to assess how stimulation-induced neuroplasticity interacts with motor training to optimize rehabilitation techniques across hereditary and acquired ataxias. Gait indices such as the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia, International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, stimulation settings, and intensity of the therapy were considered for evaluating the impact of the intervention. All interventions demonstrated short-term gains in coordination, gait, and balance. However, hybrid protocols, which integrate different physical rehabilitation techniques or a neuromodulation technique paired with physical therapy, showed stronger and more durable recovery. Mechanistically, neuromodulation models induce neuroplasticity in cerebellar-cortical pathways, while physical therapy stabilizes neuroplastic adaptations. Robot-assisted, remote tDCS interventions and wearable sensor-supported monitoring have increased ease of access and participant compliance. Limitations across studies included small cohorts, variability in stimulation parameters, and short follow-up durations. Collectively, hybrid and technology-integrated rehabilitation is a promising framework for reinforcing motor function and independence in ataxic patients. Future multicenter trials incorporating wearable gait biomarkers, neuroimaging, and personalized strategies are required to validate long-term efficiency and enable precision in therapies for ataxic patients.



Received: 10 November 2025 | Revised: 29 December 2025 | Accepted: 9 January 2026



Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.



Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.



Author Contribution Statement

Krishnakumar Sankar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Samyuktha Shanmugam: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Sanjana Parlikad Krishnan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Sushmitha Sree Saravanan: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.