Photonic Crystal-Based Wi-Fi Patch Antenna Implemented on FR4 Substrate

Abstract

Antennas are an important part of the current ecology of wireless communication, particularly as it concerns Wi-Fi data rates. The traditional antennas suffer from the issues of urban bandwidth constraints and material efficiency. These issues lead to bad performance and coverage of services. The proposed work outlines a distinctive rectangular patch antenna designed on the photonic crystal structure and partial ground plane at the frequency of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band (2.4–2.48 GHz). The antenna is constructed on 40 mm by 50 mm FR4 substrate with εr = 4.3, tan δ = 0.025, 1.6 mm thick and excite by 50-ohm microstrip inset-feed to provide the optimal impedance matching. It is carried out using CST Microwave Studio Suite 2024 in terms of the design, simulation, and performance assessment. It is remarkable that the antenna has VSWR of 1.039064, return loss (S11) of−34.26823 dB, and bandwidth of 180.043 MHz (2.314581 GHz to 2.494624 GHz). It would serve as an excellent choice in many Wi-Fi applications because of its incredible gain of 2.86 dBi, directivity of 4.61 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of 66.88 percent. The compact size, the wide bandwidth, and the effective signal transmission characteristics of the proposed antenna make it easy to incorporate into the smart home systems of consumer electronics and numerous devices of the Internet of Things. This research aims at making the performance and reliability of current wireless communication network in dynamic environment better and reliable through the provision of a scalable solution.

Received: 9 April 2025 | Revised: 28 May 2025 | Accepted: 17 June 2025

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Author Contribution Statement

A.N. M. Shihab Uddin: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Samiul Bashir: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Pronab Kumar Paul: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. Md. Firoz Ahmed: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Md. Bipul Islam: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Visualization. M. Ismail Hossain: Writing – review & editing. M. HasnatKabir: Writing – review & editing.