Assessing Grid Unavailability and Economic Impacts on Hybrid PV Systems: A GUFS-Based Case Study in Dörtyol, Hatay

Abstract

This study investigated the performance and economic impacts of unplanned power outages on a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) system and determined which region has the least risky outage group according to the Grid Unavailability Feasibility Score (GUFS) method. The study was conducted in 14 different neighborhoods of the selected project area. The initial steps of the study involved compiling data on unplanned power outages via Energy Exchange Istanbul and transferring consumption values from a hybrid system to the PVSyst program. In the hybrid PV system with an installed capacity of 6.05 kWp, economic indicators such as internal rate of return, return on investment, levelized cost of energy, net present value (NPV), and payback period were simulated, while the charge–discharge energies and state of charge (SOC) levels of the batteries and the performance ratios of the PVs were also considered. According to the results, a difference of 16,587.78 USD in NPV was observed when comparing situations with and without power outages. In addition, while the average annual SOC value of batteries used in hybrid systems is 0.589, SOC values have risen to 0.688 in neighborhoods experiencing power outages. According to the results of the GUFS methodology, the Ocaklı neighborhood was the least risky area, while the Altınça˘g neighborhood was the riskiest area. This study aims to examine the economic and performance impacts of power outages on people in affected areas.

Received: 2 February 2026 | Revised: 14 May 2026 | Accepted: 16 July 2026

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contribution Statement

Cihan Karaman: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.