Hybrid PV/Wind/Grid Energy System for Commercial Bakeries: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment

Abstract

This study proposes a hybrid PV/wind/grid energy system for small urban bakeries and evaluates its technical performance, economic feasibility, and environmental impact within an integrated framework. Unlike previous studies that assess only economic or environmental aspects, this research combines both dimensions using HOMER Pro and PVsyst simulations over a 20-year project lifetime. The proposed system requires an initial investment of approximately $10,350 and achieves a payback period of 2.28 years, demonstrating strong financial viability. After cost recovery, annual energy savings reach about $4,380, along with an additional monthly income of nearly $212 from surplus electricity under net-metering conditions, which further enhances its economic attractiveness. Environmentally, the system reduces CO₂ and other harmful emissions by up to 90% compared to conventional fossil-fuel-based bakery operations, significantly contributing to sustainability goals and cleaner urban environments. The novelty of this study lies in integrating HOMER Pro and PVsyst for simultaneous technical-economic-environmental optimization, applying the hybrid model to small-scale urban bakeries, and quantifying real emission reductions and financial returns under net-metering conditions, thereby providing a comprehensive and practical framework for future renewable energy applications in similar small-scale industries.

Received: 8 January 2026 | Revised: 28 February 2026 | Accepted: 7 April 2026

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Author Contribution Statement

Massoud Danishmal: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Dost Mohammad Sarwari: Writing – review & editing, Resources. Mohammad Yasin Kamaly: Writing – review & editing. Mohammad Adel Adeel: Writing – review & editing. Atiqullah Hamim: Writing – review & editing.