Tan, Youxi, Mingjie Fang, Da Shen, Jiayi Xu, and Baha Ihnaini. “Chinese Toxic Comment Detection: A Comparative Study of Traditional ML, Deep Learning, Encoder-Based and Decoder-Based Models”. Journal of Computational and Cognitive Engineering 5, no. 2 (May 29, 2026): 222–232. Accessed May 30, 2026. https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/JCCE/article/view/6117.