Archives of Advanced Engineering Science
The Archives of Advanced Engineering Science is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary journal focusing on the integration of computational methods, modeling and simulation, as well as experimental approaches to solve complex problems in advanced engineering systems. The journal serves as a vital platform to enhance and advance the knowledge of engineering sciences and contribute towards the original research and innovative solutions that integrate theoretical foundations with simulation and practical applications in modern advanced engineering systems. The journal is a Gold Open Access journal, online readers don't have to pay any fee. The journal is currently free to the authors, and all Article Processing Charges (APCs) are waived until 31 May 2026.
Consolidation Behavior of Soft Clays with Permeability Anisotropy: A Finite Element Study
The stratified nature of natural soft clay deposits fundamentally contradicts the assumption of isotropic permeability inherent in conventional consolidation theories. It assumes that the horizontal permeability coefficient (kx) equals the vertical coefficient (ky), although in reality, the ratio kx/ky can be as high as 50. A further shortcoming of the theory is that the settlements and water runoff in the soil are only assumed to occur in the vertical direction and a horizontal expansion of the soil is not possible. This study systematically elucidates the coupled effects of permeability anisotropy and model geometry on the consolidation process through 2D finite element analysis. The findings demonstrate that neglecting horizontal permeability leads to a significant overestimation of the consolidation rate and prove that the "critical width ratio" in finite element method analysis is a dynamic parameter dependent on the degree of anisotropy. Although limited to the investigated parameter range. This research provides a novel perspective on the integration of anisotropic parameters into numerical modeling for economical and safe geotechnical design. The predictive capability of the proposed regression equations encourages future investigations. Received: 25 November 2025 | Revised: 12 February 2026 | Accepted: 6 March 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study Author Contribution Statement Muhammet Murat Özev: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Recep Akan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of an Expert System Calculator for Pediatric Blood Draw: A Conceptual Study
This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential clinical value of a rule-based expert system for optimizing blood collection in pediatric patients, a population uniquely susceptible to iatrogenic anemia due to limited circulating blood volume and frequent laboratory testing. By systematically mapping ordered laboratory tests to tube-specific analytical and dead-volume requirements and applying patient-specific safety constraints based on weight and hematocrit, the system provides quantitative decision support at the time of test ordering. Evaluation using a simulated pediatric cohort (n = 20) representative of endocrine testing workflows showed that blood draw volumes were maintained within established safety thresholds in 16 of 20 cases (80%). Across the cohort, the optimized strategy achieved a mean reduction of 9.36 mL in total blood volume compared with standard collection practices. In the remaining cases, where optimization was not feasible due to extensive test panels or severely limited allowable blood volume, the system appropriately identified threshold violations and generated warning outputs rather than unsafe recommendations. These results highlight the system’s ability to both reduce unnecessary phlebotomy and reliably flag high-risk scenarios. Overall, this work establishes a transparent and reproducible technical framework for expert system–based optimization of pediatric blood draws and supports its future integration into clinical laboratory workflows to enhance patient safety and reduce avoidable blood loss. Received: 22 November 2025 | Revised: 4 January 2026| Accepted: 21 January 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Sihe Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Richard Desatnik: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review &; editing, Visualization. Motaz Hassan: Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review &; editing, Visualization. Amanpreet Singh Wasir: Validation, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review &; editing, Visualization. Ajay Mahajan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Analysis of Initial Stress and Linearly Variable Amplitudes of Corrugated Surface on a Fibre-Reinforced Solid Under Magnetic Field and Linearly Varying Impedance
A mathematical model analyzing the effects of initial stress and variable amplitudes of corrugation for stresses and displacements of surface waves on a fiber-reinforced half-space under a magnetic field and inhomogeneous impedance existing as a linearly varying impedance is proposed. Constitutive equations of homogeneous fiber-reinforced material are utilized in formulating the dynamical equations while incorporating the components of the magnetic field owing to Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. The normal mode method paved the way in deriving the analytical solution vis-à-vis the stresses and displacements after suitable boundary conditions in terms of linearly varying impedance and linearly varying amplitudes of corrugation (existing as trigonometric Fourier series of diverse heights) were formulated and utilized. Utilizing Mathematica 11, derived stresses and displacements were graphically presented, thus demonstrating the variations of the interacting physical parameters of initial stress, variable amplitudes of corrugation, magnetic fields, and the inhomogeneous impedance. The combined fields' quantities of the model such as the linearly varying impedance and amplitudes of corrugated surface, magnetic field, and initial stress exhibited enormous physical influences on the stresses and displacements of the surface waves on the material. The gradient factor associated with the linearly varying impedance results to a decrease in the behavior of the stresses and displacements on the material when increased. However, an increase in one of the parameters associated with variable amplitudes of corrugation caused an upward trend in the stresses and displacements of the waves. Particular cases are observed from the literatures if we neglect some parameters of variable amplitudes and impedance. Received: 1 October 2025 | Revised: 21 January 2026 | Accepted: 27 February 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data for fibre-reinforced material in this study is taken from published work Othman et al. [19]. Data is available on the Computational Results and Discussion section. Author Contribution Statement Augustine Igwebuike Anya: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Ugochukwu David Uche: Methodology, Software, Validation, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Forecasting Licensed Athletes Numbers Using Time Series and Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Models
This study comparatively applied four distinct time series and artificial intelligence-based forecasting models to predict the short-term number of licensed athletes in Türkiye: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Convolutional Neural Network with Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM), Extremely Boosted Gradient Decision Trees with Long Short-Term Memory (XGBoost-LSTM), and gated recurrent unit with random forest (RF-GRU). Models were trained using data from 2005 to 2019; forecasts for the years 2020-2024 were subsequently compared with actual values. The ARIMA model demonstrated the highest predictive efficacy, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.9633, a mean square error of 0.1056, and a mean absolute error of 0.1990. The CNN-LSTM model exhibited a coefficient of determination of 0.9771 and a mean absolute percentage error of 5.68%. The remaining two hybrid models (XGBoost-LSTM and RF-GRU) exhibited inferior accuracy, accompanied by comparatively elevated error levels. The results underscore the significance of data-driven decision-making in sports policy and provide scholarly contributions to strategic planning. Received: 28 September 2025 | Revised: 25 November 2025 | Accepted: 11 December 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Halil S¸enol: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Halil Çolak: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metal Cutting Data Integration with Different Contact and Friction Conditions, Kinematics, Tool Geometry, and Temperatures
The data integration with additional artificial intelligence (AI) creates a lot of interest in industry as well as in the scientific world. The aim is to determine the complete production result before processing. But before we develop the complicated mathematical algorithm for creating a relevant digital machining process, the true nature of the process must be understood. A systematic analysis of the existing metal machining process reveals several different problem areas with an interdependent relationship. There is a metal deformation process that depends on the existing material properties influenced by stress, strain rate, hydrostatic pressure, and temperature. This problem area will be mathematically described and result in adequate equations for the stress and strain-rate situation for developing the existing plastic deformation. The next problem area is determined by the physical relation of contact and friction around the tool. Why do built-up edge, built-up layer, and material flow blockade occur at the tool, and what are the consequences of all these phenomena on the cutting process? Furthermore, where does the dynamic process come from, accompanied by dynamic forces and resulting in different temperatures and discontinuous chip flow? All this will be discussed in this paper and presented with practical evidence. Received: 21 August 2025 | Revised: 3 November 2025 | Accepted: 17 November 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Wolfgang Lortz: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Optimization of Multi-Band Microstrip Antennas Using Support Vector Regression for Wireless Communications
The increasing demand for compact, high-performance antennas capable of supporting multiple wireless communication standards has driven the development of multiband microstrip antennas. This research presents the design, simulation, and optimization of a multiband microstrip patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.3 GHz, targeting applications in Wi-Fi and WLAN systems. The antenna structure is designed and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio, leveraging its full-wave 3D electromagnetic solver to evaluate key performance metrics including reflection coefficient (S11), gain, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics. To enhance the antenna's performance and reduce the design iteration cycle, support vector regression (SVR), a supervised machine learning technique, is employed. SVR models the nonlinear relationship between the antenna's geometric parameters and its performance outcomes, enabling efficient prediction and optimization. A dataset of 1844 samples is generated through parametric simulations in CST, and the SVR model—using a radial basis function kernel with C = 300, ε = 0.00000000025, and γ = 0.5—is trained to predict return loss and gain across the three target frequencies. The optimized antenna design achieves improved impedance matching, gain enhancement, and bandwidth control at all three frequency bands. Power transfer efficiency exceeds 96% in each band. The results demonstrate that the integration of SVR into the antenna design workflow provides a robust, data-driven approach to achieving multiband performance with high efficiency, making it suitable for next-generation wireless communication systems. Received: 11 August 2025 | Revised: 15 October 2025 | Accepted: 27 November 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Nejat Abdulwahid Hassen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Supervision. Adomeas Asfaw Tafere: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Resources, Data curation,Writing - review & editing, Visualization,Supervision. Murad Ridwan Hassen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Tsega Asresa Mengistu: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Mekete Asmare Huluka: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Amsalu Tessema Adgeh: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Visualization.
Accurate Prediction of Peak Ground Acceleration Using Random Forests: A Data-Driven Approach with PEER Updated NGA-WEST2 Ground Motion Records
Accurate prediction of peak ground acceleration (PGA) is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and earthquake-resistant design.Traditional regression-based ground motion prediction equations often fall short in capturing the complex, nonlinear interactions among earthquake parameters. This study proposes a machine learning approach using a random forest (RF) model to predict PGA based on five key input variables: moment magnitude (Mw), closest distance to the rupture plane (ClstD), hypocentral depth, rake angle, and average shear wave velocity in the top 30 meters (Vs30). A comprehensive dataset of 16,211 ground motion records from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), Updated NGA-WEST2 Flatfile was used. The RF model was optimized through Grid Search and 5-fold cross-validation, achieving high predictive performance with R² scores of 0.948 on training data and 0.928 on test data. Feature importance analysis indicated Mw and ClstD as the most influential parameters. The study demonstrates the robustness, accuracy, and generalization capability of the RF model, confirming its potential as a valuable tool in seismic risk analysis and providing a foundation for future development of more adaptable, data-driven models in earthquake engineering. Received: 24 July 2025 | Revised: 25 November 2025 | Accepted: 5 December 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Asadullah Ziar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Ender Basari: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing - review & editing, Supervision.
pacific earthquake engineering research (PEER)
ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs)
A Case Study on Sustainable Transition as Strategic Policies for Solar Energy
Production of electricity by burning fossil fuels like natural gas to generate electricity releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. The combustion process produces CO2, which is trapped to lead to global warming and climate change. Different fossil fuels release different amounts of CO2 based on carbon content and the amount of energy released. This paper gives techno-economic analysis of photovoltaic (PV) solar systems as a mitigation option at the grand scale, as well as data-intensive analysis of CO2 emissions in Bahrain's fossil fuel-dominated power sector. One observation of major importance is that there is a net abatement of 1.2 ± 0.15 metric tons CO2/MWh and levelized cost savings of 27% if PV deployment is combined with innovative storage for replacing 38-42% of conventional generation. Technical feasibility of PV is supported by cross-validation of the records of past emissions using quadratic multinomial regression, which yields strong predictive correlations (*p* < 0.05, R2 = 0.89). The evidence indicates that policymakers enhance the application of PV in Gulf Cooperation Council member states while advancing socioeconomic goals in national visions (e.g., Bahrain's Vision 2030) and climate goals in the Paris Agreement. Two strategic scenarios were proposed and evaluated in this study: the first is based on Bahrain Vision 2030, and the second is based on Bahrain Vision 2050. Scenario-based projections extract a feasible roadmap for decarbonization that aims at 2060 as the year to produce carbon-neutral electricity and 45% of renewable energy integration by 2030. Finally, the second scenario will help Bahrain by the year 2060 to reach net-zero emissions. Received: 11 July 2025 | Revised: 24 September 2025 | Accepted: 29 September 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Isa S. Qamber: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Salwa Baserrah: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Numerical Study on Toppling Mechanisms of Crane and Pile Driver Based on Structural Stability Theory
This paper presents a numerical investigation into the theoretical safety criteria for the toppling of cranes and pile drivers by providing sample calculations and expanding on previously published theoretical work, in which the fundamental elements, such as the structural model, the classification of toppling modes, etc., are developed. It is believed that the frequent occurrences of crane and pile driver toppling are closely related to structural instability within their toppling mechanisms. The conventional evaluation method for toppling stability, which is based on the overturning moment approach, may not sufficiently address the mechanisms of toppling on soft ground. In fact, many toppling accidents show signs of inadequate ground strength, such as ground failure. This issue likely involves not only a lack of ground strength to withstand the bearing pressure from crawlers or outriggers but also insufficient deformation performance (stiffness) of the ground. In structural stability theory, an important factor in assessing the required ground stiffness is the height of the applied load. Conventional toppling stability assessments assume that if the overturning moment is the same, the stability will also be the same. However, from the perspective of structural stability theory, toppling can occur even when the overturning moment is zero in extreme cases with weak ground stiffness and large load height. This study aims to look for the influence on the toppling mechanism by presenting sample calculations for a simple analytical model under various operational conditions—including load height, ground stiffness, and working radius—to better define the criteria for toppling. Received: 14 May 2025 | Revised: 17 July 2025 | Accepted: 9 September 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Shouji Toma: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Wai Fah Chen: Validation, Supervision, Project administration.
Vehicle Dynamics with RecurDyn Based on the TMeasy Tire Model
The analysis of critical driving maneuvers, the development of control systems, and the introduction of autonomous driving functions rely on virtual simulation environments. Vehicles are commonly modeled using multibody systems supported by commercial software that enables efficient setup, testing, and simulation. A functional vehicle model consists of rigid or flexible bodies, joints, and force elements. Passenger cars and trucks typically follow standardized model structures composed of predefined submodels such as drivetrain, steering, and suspension. Special-purpose vehicles, however, represent a much broader range of multibody systems, from simple rigid models to complex configurations with flexible components and moving contacts. The RecurDyn software package addresses this diversity and includes an integrated finite element solver, making it suitable for advanced vehicle simulations. In all cases, the vehicle model must be complemented by an appropriate tire model. Tire models are commonly divided into comfort and handling models. Comfort tire models are highly complex and require extensive measurements, while handling tire models use semi-physical approaches to approximate steady-state tire behavior with analytical functions and simplified dynamics. Most established handling models are tailored to passenger car tires. The TMeasy tire model, originally developed for agricultural tractor tires, uses physical parameters that can be derived from measurements or estimated by experienced engineers, which is especially beneficial when data are scarce. Its three-dimensional slip formulation ensures smooth transitions between standstill and motion. Combined with RecurDyn, TMeasy enables the simulation of a wide range of vehicles, particularly special-purpose vehicles with unconventional tires. Received: 1 April 2025 | Revised: 29 December 2025 | Accepted: 2 February 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Uwe Eiselt: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Thomas Kelichhaus: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Georg Rill: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization.
Privacy Risks in the Adoption of IoT: A Quantitative Study on Data Exposure in Costa Rica
This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys (n = 84) and device-level vulnerability assessments, to investigate the interaction between Internet of Things (IoT) adoption, user awareness, and security practices. It addresses the growing privacy concerns associated with IoT devices in Costa Rican homes. The objective of the study was to identify the main problems in the area of privacy, along with evaluating user behavior and suggesting specific mitigation measures in the context of the Gran Área Metropolitana. While multivariate analysis (Adj. R2 = 0.48) underlined education as a major predictor of security procedures, Spearman's correlation (ρ = 0.53, p < 0.001) methodologically showed a modest positive link between IoT device count and perceived privacy issues. Among the main results are a 24% awareness-practice gap, with 85% of respondents having IoT knowledge but 31% keeping default passwords, and device audits revealing 68% of tested devices with unpatched Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures. The research finds regional socioeconomic elements, like urbanicity (β = 0.09, p = 0.21) and old device prevalence (41% with deprecated software), aggravate risks beyond global standards. Among the suggestions are blockchain-based patching, Internet Service Provider-mediated inspections, and IoT security labeling. Among the drawbacks are the cross-sectional design and self-reporting bias, which call for longitudinal follow-ups. Future studies should investigate cross-national comparisons and behavioral interventions to confirm the framework in comparable developing countries. By including technical and socio-behavioral insights, this research enhances the IoT privacy discussion and provides practical policy and technology answers. Received: 9 March 2025 | Revised: 17 July 2025 | Accepted: 19 August 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest in this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Gabriel Silva-Atencio: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Competitive Intelligence Review: Evolution and Trends of AI-Based Microprocessors
This research investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) is changing microprocessor design and industrial competitiveness using a mixed-methods approach that combines systematic literature research (861 Scopus-indexed articles spanning 2015-2025) and patent analysis. The study goals emphasize (1) assessing architectural changes toward AI specialization, (2) examining vendor tactics, and (3) spotting sector-specific adoption obstacles. The study assessed trends methodologically using PRISMA-guided document screening, NVivo-based theme coding (Krippendorff's α=0.82), and statistical analysis (χ² tests, linear regression). While small and medium enterprise (SME) adoption is behind 3.2× because of $540 M+ 5 nm development expenses, key findings show that 58.88% of current designs are AI-optimized (14.7× increase since 2015) with Google's Tensor Processing Units attaining 2.8× greater energy efficiency than graphics processing units. AI has significantly, in our opinion, significantly changed microprocessor invention paths, hence producing different vendor tactics (NVIDIA's acceleration vs. Intel's hybrid approach) and new market obstacles. Strategic advice calls for unifying AI processor benchmarks and building modular architectures for SMEs. Future studies should examine 3 nm/2 nm node economics, photonic/neuromorphic substitutes, and ethical consequences of AI hardware in sensitive uses. With implications for semiconductor policy and research and development priorities, this study offers a verified methodology for evaluating AI's contribution to upholding Moore's law under physical scaling restrictions. Received: 5 March 2025 | Revised: 27 April 2025 | Accepted: 3 June 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Gabriel Silva-Atencio: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Access Restricted: A Study of Broken Access Control Vulnerabilities
Broken access control vulnerability is ranked No.1 in OWASP Top 10 list in 2021. This means that it is the most commonly used exploited weakness in the web applications by attackers today. Because if an attacker can exploit this vulnerability, they can gain control rights and potentially compromise the entire web application. From that point forward, the attacker can execute various attacks depending on their objectives. That’s what makes it the most purposeful. In this research, we will reveal the security vulnerability of the access control in a web applications system. We will explore case studies of real-world attacks that leverage broken access control, providing a contextual understanding of the impact and implications of these vulnerabilities. Through this research, we aim to contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance web application security and mitigate the risks associated with broken access control vulnerabilities. We will examine vulnerabilities in web applications that attackers can use to compromise access. Finally, we discuss the protection and security measures that should be taken against attackers who use this vulnerability. Received: 2 August 2024 | Revised: 15 January 2025 | Accepted: 18 February 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Sadeeq Jan: Methodology, Formal analysis, Supervision. Safi Ullah Khan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Abdul Wahab: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Dr. Mohammad: Investigation, Project administration.
Practical Sensor Performance and Methodology for Measuring Permittivity of Dielectric Plates in the Microwave Frequency Range
A wide range of microwave devices, particularly those intended for use in telecommunication systems, are manufactured using printed circuit board technology. Designing such devices requires precise knowledge of the properties of the dielectric plates used. In this article, the authors propose a very easy-to-manufacture measuring device that combines the nondestructive testing inherent in the free space method with the ability to achieve the accuracy of the resonance method. Two factors provide the advantages of the proposed installation: the peculiarities of the plates' geometric structure and software processing of the measurement results. One- and two-port designs are considered, and the features of the corresponding algorithms for processing measurement data are investigated. The results of electrodynamic modeling of strip-line fixtures in the CST Studio Suite environment confirm their operability and the possibility of providing sufficiently high sensitivity when measuring the complex permittivity of plates made of various materials. Areas for future research are discussed. Received: 12 January 2025 | Revised: 13 May 2025 | Accepted: 14 July 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Yuri Choni: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Vladimir Lavrushev: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization. Alexander Avksentev: Software, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing.
Investigating the Steel Fiber of Waste Tires to Enhance the Properties of Concrete Ground Slabs
This research aims to demonstrate the potential and viability of investing in smooth steel fibers extracted from waste tires for concrete works such as factory ground slabs and airstrip slabs, exposed to soil–structure interaction under live loads and the reciprocal alternation between tension and compression stresses. To show this viability, samples of fiber concrete and plain concrete were prepared and tested for compression, bending, and splitting loads. The main problem was the physical stability of samples and effective coherence between the concrete and the steel fibers during loading; thus, to analyze the laboratory results and assess the impact of fibers on mechanical properties of concrete under compression load, a method has been proposed to evaluate the effective ductility of fiber concrete and to calculate "the toughness and toughness index," taking into account the discontinuity and the physical destabilization of the sample state observed during the loading in the post-elastic stage. The analysis of the experimental results has shown satisfactory improvement in the behavior of concrete under compression and tension loads in the elastic domain, as well as a significant increase in its ductility and toughness in the plastic domain by two to four times compared to plain concrete. Likewise, this research shows that the inclusion of steel fiber enhances the mechanical properties of plain concrete by more than three times under splitting and flexure. This work resulted in its objectives where experimental tests proved the feasibility of investing in this raw material classified as a pollutant left freely in nature; on the other hand, the statistical analysis of the experimental results showed the best characteristics of fibers in terms of length, slenderness, and volume ratio to have a high range of fiber concrete for ground slab. Received: 19 December 2024 | Revised: 14 March 2025 | Accepted: 7 April 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Afif Rahma: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
effective toughness index compression strength
Strengthening and Toughening Mechanisms of Continuous SiC Fiber-Reinforced TiAl4822/Ti6Al4V Layered Composite Prepared by Hot Pressing
In order to improve the intrinsic brittleness of TiAl4822, Ti6Al4V alloy with outstanding ductility and toughness can be applied as a competitive candidate by constructing the TiAl4822/Ti6Al4V laminated composite. Continuous SiC fibers were introduced into the laminated composite to further enhance the comprehensive performance of the laminated composite. Using SiC fibers, TiAl4822 foil, and Ti6Al4V foil as raw materials, continuous SiC fiber-reinforced TiAl4822/Ti6Al4V layered composite material was fabricated through a vacuum hot-pressing method using the foil-fiber-foil method. A phase-structured interface with a specific sequence was formed between SiC fiber and Ti6Al4V matrix, exhibiting a thickness of 6 μm. A dense bonding interface between TiAl4822 and Ti6Al4V with a thickness of about 80 μm was obtained. No evident cracks or holes were observed at the interface. The resulting SiC fiber-reinforced composite material exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to the traditional TiAl4822/Ti6Al4V layered composite material. Specifically, relative to the unreinforced TiAl4822/Ti6Al4V composite, it had a tensile strength of 727.65 MPa (14.3% improvement), elongation at break of 1.42% (20.3% improvement), elastic modulus of 176 GPa (30.4% improvement), and flexural strength of 1353.6 MPa (21.5% improvement). Received: 7 December 2024 | Revised: 14 March 2025 | Accepted: 15 April 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Hongyan Wu: Writing – original draft. Shouyin Zhang: Conceptualization, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Kun Zhang: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing – original draft. Baiping Lu: Supervision. Zhenjun Wang: Visualization, Funding acquisition.
A Comparative Study of WebAssembly Runtimes: Performance Metrics, Integration Challenges, Application Domains, and Security Features
WebAssembly (Wasm), originally developed as a web-focused technology, has evolved into a versatile runtime environment capable of executing code efficiently across web-based and standalone systems. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of Wasm runtimes, categorizing them into two primary groups: integrated runtimes, which function within web browsers, and standalone runtimes, which operate independently of browsers. Integrated runtimes, such as those found in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, execute Wasm binaries through JavaScript engines, allowing interaction with web application programming interfaces while maintaining a secure execution model. Standalone runtimes like Wasmtime, Wasmer, WebAssembly Micro Runtime, WasmEdge, and Wasm3 operate independently of browsers, serving various applications, including edge computing, Internet of Things, and embedded systems. We explore each runtime's performance characteristics, highlighting their execution modes, such as interpretation, Just-In-Time compilation, and Ahead-of-Time compilation, and their ability to handle resource-constrained environments. Our findings provide valuable insights for developers, researchers, and industry professionals seeking to leverage Wasm for optimized performance, scalability, and security across diverse technological landscapes. Received: 4 December 2024 | Revised: 21 February 2025 | Accepted: 1 April 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Mircea Țălu: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Tensile Behaviour of Steel Joints Implemented by Bolts and Adhesive
Joints are the weakest points of given mechanical structures. Therefore, multiple joining methods are applied, and joints are dealt with special care to extend the life of the structures. Hybrid joints are seen to improve the performance of the joints significantly, especially for composite–metal joints. The hybrid joints, as well as non-hybrid lap joints made of bolts and adhesive to join steel plates, were investigated in this article. The role of the joining method (hybrid and non-hybrid) and parameters (bolt number and overlap length) in the mechanical strength of the mild steel grade 300 joints were analyzed under tensile loading. Based on the experimental results, it was observed that an increase in the number of fasteners (bolts) increased the tensile strength of the joint if the shear stress on the bolt held its strength. In addition, an increase in overlap distance slightly decreases the tensile strength of the assembly. The assembly with both fasteners and adhesive (hybrid joint) had higher yield strength than the assembly using only fasteners, and the ultimate tensile strength was approximately the same for both joining methods. Received: 20 June 2024 | Revised: 10 February 2025 | Accepted: 28 February 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Alokesh Pramanik: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision. Dinesh Garg: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing - original draft, Visualization. Animesh Kumar Basak: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Supervision. Chander Prakash: Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration. Subramaniam Shankar: Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration. Subramaniam Shankar: Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Project administration.
Implementation Approaches of Thermoelectric Generator in Photovoltaic System: A Review
Solar energy is one of the viable solutions for global energy demand. To compete with traditional resources, solar cells have to be reliable and cost-effective. This paper reviews the basics of thermoelectric generators (TEGs), including their working principles and main physical properties. TEGs transform heat directly to electricity based on the Seebeck effect, which generates an electric voltage based on the difference in temperature of a material. It presents methods for energy harvesting by using TEGs integrated with photovoltaic (PV) systems and discusses the application and findings of this hybrid model. By converting solar system waste heat or primary heat flow into additional heating, cooling, and electricity, TEGs enhance PV system efficiency. This paper reviews the methods and effects of integrating thermoelectric devices with PV systems, summarizing key findings from previous studies. The paper concludes that the integration of TEGs significantly improves the functionality and efficiency of PV systems, as evidenced by previous studies. Received: 14 November 2024 | Revised: 27 April 2025 | Accepted: 29 May 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Oluwasegun Henry Jaiyeob: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Mohammad Karimzadeh Kolamroudi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Cemal Kavalcioglu: Validation, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Çağrı Özkan: Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Said EL Khatib: Conceptualization, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.
Review of the Road of Safety in the Years 2001-2023
Polish roadways are seeing an annual increase in the number of automobiles. Even though the frequency of traffic accidents is declining, many individuals lose their lives and suffer serious injuries each year. Driving while intoxicated or under the influence of drugs is the leading cause of traffic accidents and a major problem on Polish roads. Over 80 accidents occur every day on average in recent years, resulting in 7 fatalities and over 1000 injuries. For this reason, it makes sense to examine Poland's road traffic safety situation from 2001 to 2023 in order to make improvements. On the basis of the research carried out, it was found that the highest number of accidents occurs in the holiday months, on Friday, during the day, in the afternoon, in good weather conditions, and in a built-up area on a straight section of road. On the basis of a review of the state of security in Poland in the years 2001-2023, solutions are proposed to improve the state of road safety in Poland. Received: 12 November 2024 | Revised: 15 January 2025 | Accepted: 8 April 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Piotr Gorzelańczyk: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Hybrid Photovoltaic Systems with Integration of Electrical Vehicles
With the decrease in fossil resources and the increase in oil prices, countries that direct the development of today's technology want to sustain their increasing energy needs with clean and renewable energy sources. When energy is almost a new value, we are coming to times when the load flows on the producer and consumer side are constantly changing and unpredictable with the integration of renewable energy plants and electric vehicles (EV). In the face of this unexpected energy flow, minimizing energy consumption costs and providing the highest benefit and income in this energy cycle are among the main reasons for carrying out this study. This study shows the technological and economic examination of hybrid systems with the integration of electric vehicles charged at different periods in terms of household consumption using PVSyst software. The study examines eight different night- and day-charging behaviors of electric vehicles. As a result, the rates of benefiting from the hybrid systems are revealed in the PVSyst software. The study examines the charging status, charge-discharge energies, and hours of lithium-ion batteries in the hybrid solar energy system, along with the hybrid system's performance. Economic indicators such as internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), payback time, and return on investment (ROI) are analyzed in the study. According to the results, vehicles charged during the daytime generate more income than vehicles charged at night. The highest income was obtained by case 1, with 80% SOC and 3,287,567 TRY NPV, and the lowest income was obtained by case 8, with 20% SOC and 2,549,651 TRY NPV. Another interesting finding is that even if EVs start charging at night at 80% SOC, they provide more profit than vehicles start being charged during the day at 20% SOC. Received: 7 November 2024 | Revised: 10 February 2025 | Accepted: 26 February 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest in this work. Data Availability Statement Data is available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Cihan Karaman: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Optimization of Biochar Production from Cassava Peels: An Application of Response Surface Methodology
Pyrolysis of agricultural waste to biochar presents a valorization pathway for wastes in an environmentally friendly way. The study focuses on the optimization of biochar production from cassava peels using response surface methodology. Three most important process parameters were considered for optimization: pyrolysis temperature (350-750 °C), heating rate (5-25 °C/min), and reaction time (20-130 min). For that, a Box-Behnken experimental design has been employed to develop a predictive model for biochar yield and other responses of interest: pH, bulk density, and surface area. The developed empirical models for predicting biochar characteristics with high accuracy were validated through diagnostic plots and experimental trials. It was seen that temperature, heating rate, and reaction time substantially affected the yield of the biochar. The maximization resulted in an overall increase in the physicochemical properties of biochars. This study illustrates scalable applications of biochar and establishes the predictive model for real validation experiments for the application of process flow modeling of biomass pyrolysis. This work emphasizes the optimization of parameters in the production of biochar and gives a real platform for the use of agricultural residues in sustainable waste management and environmental remediation. The predictive model developed can be used as an important tool in designing efficient biomass conversion processes. Received: 6 November 2024 | Revised: 16 December 2024 | Accepted: 17 January 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Timothy Adekanye: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. Abiodun Okunola: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Supervision. Adeolu Adediran: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Writing - review & editing, Supervision. Afolabi Tokunbo Yemisi: Resources, Data curation, Project administration. Aisha Aderibigbe: Investigation, Writing – original draft, Visualization.
Three-Dimensional Vibration Visual Measurement Method Based on Binocular Camera
This paper proposes a three-dimensional micro-vibration measurement method based on amplification and tracking to achieve vibration measurement of the target. In environments with excessive lighting, which can hinder effective target tracking, the method first applies a magnification algorithm to enlarge the target image. The enlarged image is then processed using a stereo matching algorithm to align the left and right camera views. Following this, a tracking algorithm calculates the pixel displacement of the target. Finally, the target's spatial three-dimensional vibration information is derived through dimensional conversion. To address challenges posed by excessive illumination, image preprocessing is applied to extract the target before magnification. Experimental results from three sets of tests demonstrate the method’s high accuracy. When measuring spatial three-dimensional vibration with an amplitude of 0.1 mm, the displacement's root mean square error is 0.0298 mm, and the normalized root mean square error is 11.57%. This new three-dimensional visual measurement method effectively and accurately measures micro-vibration amplitudes. Received: 23 October 2024 | Revised: 8 January 2025 | Accepted: 11 February 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Liangjun Luo: Conceptualization, Software, Validation, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Shuo Liu: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Fei Li: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Wenhao Zou: Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Xi Wang: Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Tao Wang: Resources. Guoqiang Fu: Resources. Caijiang Lu: Resources.
Investigations of the Hybrid Effects of the Operational Parameters in the Radial Forging Process Based on the Validation of the Hardness Test
In this study, considering all the parameters in radial forging and a three-dimensional model has been simulated using the finite element method. By implementing an elastoplastic state for the specimen tube, parameters such as friction type, residual stress distribution, effective strain distribution, material flow velocity, its effect on the neutral plate, and the distribution of force in the die have been studied and analyzed. The effects of angle on the quality and characteristics of the specimen and the longevity of the die have also been obtained. Experimental results have been used to confirm the accuracy of the simulation. The results of the hardness test after forging were compared with the simulation results. Good agreement between the results indicates the accuracy of the simulation in terms of hardness. Therefore, this validation allows confirming the other obtained results for the analysis and prediction of various components in the forging process. After the validation and confirmation of the results through the hardness test, the hardness distribution was obtained by considering temperature changes and the effective strain on the specimen. Received: 28 October 2024 | Revised: 2 December 2024 | Accepted: 8 January 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Saeed Darki: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Evgeniy Yurevich Raskatov: Software, Validation, Resources, Supervision.
Statistical Analysis of Levelized Round Trip Cost of Grid Scale Electrical Energy Storage in Batteries with Different Chemistries
Electrical energy storage is a crucial component of the clean energy transition for integrating high share of renewable electricity generators into the supply mix. In this study, the round-trip costs of grid scale electrochemical energy storage from 2 up to 24 hours for peak power ratings of 1 MW and 10 MW in lithium-ion LFP, lithium-ion NMC, Pb-acid and vanadium redox flow batteries are compared using their currently projected techno-economic characteristics for year 2030. A statistical approach is used for estimating mean costs and quantifying the uncertainties in these estimates, since many of the techno-commercial features are still evolving and are uncertain. Using Monte Carlo simulations to derive the input parameters, the levelized round trip cost of energy storage is found to vary from Rs 10.73±0.77/kWh(e) to Rs 15.96±1.12/kWh(e) for Li-LFP batteries, Rs 14±1/kWh(e) to Rs 20.3±1.46/kWh(e) for Li-NMC batteries, Rs 19.1±1.39/kWh(e) to Rs 58.3±4.28/kWh(e) for Pb-acid batteries and Rs 18.7±1.37/kWh(e) to Rs 44.2±3.19/kWh(e) for Vanadium redox flow batteries, for the range of input values considered in this study. Through sensitivity analysis and calculation of correlation coefficients, the battery installed capital cost and useful lifetime are found to be the two most influential parameters affecting life cycle electrical energy storage cost. Received: 30 August 2024 | Revised: 21 October 2024 | Accepted: 5 November 2024 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that she has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Rupsha Bhattacharyya: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration.
Copyright (c) 2024 Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review and Design of Business Domain-Specific Cybersecurity Controls Framework for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in the global economy, contributing significantly to employment opportunities, national income, and GDP. With Industry 4.0, there has been an increase in digitization in MSMEs, which has caused an increased cyberattack surface. Even though there are popular cybersecurity standards and frameworks, adoption of those at a significant level is lagging in MSMEs, causing one out of two such companies to be facing cyber threats. MSMEs have limited resources, less cybersecurity knowledge, and differing priorities for their business. Existing cybersecurity standards and frameworks are generic in nature, not specific to their business domain’s security needs. This paper assesses the current cybersecurity posture of MSMEs and the problems they face in implementing cybersecurity and shares insights on the proposed new framework, which is providing business domain-specific least cybersecurity control implementation based on the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) Triad and Defense in Depth concept. Received: 26 September 2024 | Revised: 15 January 2025 | Accepted: 11 February 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Shekhar Pawar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization, Project Administration. Hemant Palivela: Supervision.
Evaluating the Structural Integrity and Performance of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-Density Polyethylene-Based Interlocking Bricks for Sustainable Construction
The increasing accumulation of plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, contributing to pollution and resource depletion. The construction industry, traditionally reliant on non-renewable materials, faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices. This study addresses the urgent need for innovative solutions that utilize recycled plastics in construction, thereby mitigating waste and enhancing material sustainability. This study aims to address the problem of plastic waste management by evaluating the production of interlocking bricks from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic. The objectives include assessing the mechanical properties, structural integrity, and durability of these polymeric bricks as sustainable alternatives to traditional building materials. Given the high rates of plastic waste generation and the reliance on natural raw materials for brick production, this research seeks to explore innovative solutions that utilize recycled materials effectively. A systematic methodology was employed to design the mixtures, focusing on varying the sand-to-polymeric-waste ratios. Compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted to assess the bricks' ability to withstand vertical loads and bending forces, respectively. Water absorption and density tests were performed to determine durability and suitability for external use. Results indicated that the 70:30 PET to sand mix ratio provided the best performance, with an average compressive strength of 7.86 MPa and flexural strength of 21.94 MPa. The findings suggest that using PET plastic waste in interlocking brick production can enhance material properties while contributing to environmental sustainability. Received: 28 August 2024 | Revised: 5 November 2024 | Accepted: 18 November 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Abubakar Abdullahi Garbati: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft. Muhammed Awwal Imran: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing. Caleb Chisom Chike: Methodology, Investigation. Emmanuel Nwaka Nwaka: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - review & editing, Visualization. Ugochukwu Chibuzo Akomah: Software, Investigation. Ihechimere Jael Ogueri: Validation, Investigation, Resources. Samuel Oluwasijibomi Olaremi: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Project administration. Akinsanmi S. Ige: Validation, Supervision. Amaku Chukwuebuka Marcellinus: Investigation, Resources, Project administration. Christopher Olayinka Osasona: Methodology, Project administration. Uzoma Eucharia Ibeanu: Software, Formal analysis, Supervision.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unveiling Weak Signals of Emergence in Underwater Sensing Research Trends
Detecting emerging research trends is crucial as it allows for the proactive identification and monitoring of novel and influential topics in the scientific community. Monitoring research trends aids researchers, institutions, and policymakers in allocating resources, fostering innovation, and staying competitive in rapidly changing scientific landscapes. The growing significance of underwater sensing technologies in various domains has propelled research endeavours aimed at understanding the characteristics of academic discourse in this field. In this work, we comprehensively analyzed the academic research topics related to underwater sensing technologies using advanced computational methodologies. Leveraging natural language processing, topic modelling, and weak signal detection techniques, and focusing on underwater sensing as the case technology, we dissect a large corpus of scholarly articles published between 2007 and 2021 to unveil underlying thematic patterns and emergent trends within this domain while shedding light on signals of emerging technologies. Among the eighty extracted topics, six research topics were identified and recognized as emerging weak signals, and validated by experts. Notably, deep learning for underwater imaging was the only topic that transitioned from being weak to a strong signal in the final period. Received: 22 July 2024 | Revised: 9 October 2024 | Accepted: 15 October 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Ashkan Ebadi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration; Alain Auger: Conceptualization, Validation, Writing - review & editing; Yvan Gauthier: Validation, Writing - review & editing.
Aging Retardation of Lead-Acid Batteries by Adjusting Charge Controller Threshold Values in Off-grid Photovoltaic System
Hybrid systems or coupled power plants with energy storage are becoming more and more popular due to the rising need for energy. Researchers have been conducting several experiments to assure longer-lasting battery use due to the increasing widespread use of energy storage and the depletion of resources such as silicon and precious metals. In this study, a simulation study is carried out in PVSyst software on lead-acid batteries, which have a low cycle and a very traditional electrochemical structure. The simulation is realized by scaling Spain’s consumption curve in 2023, taken from the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), together with lead acid batteries and off-grid photovoltaic (PV) modules. After the off-grid system design is created and consumption data is imported, it is aimed to extend battery life by changing the charge-discharge threshold values of the charge controllers. Threshold values are in two categories, high and low, and seventeen different cases are simulated. According to the results of the simulation, the state of charge (SOC) levels of the batteries decreases significantly due to radiation and cloudiness in the winter months and remain high in the spring and summer months. When charge controllers are set to high thresholds levels, they cause gassing currents that rise to an average of 20 amps, while battery life extends up to 5.3 years. When low threshold values are used, negligible levels of oxygen and hydrogen gasses are formed in the battery, but battery life decreases to 4.1 years. Received: 12 August 2024 | Revised: 26 September 2024 | Accepted: 12 October 2024 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Cihan Karaman: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.
Study on the Separation Process of Non-metallic Inclusions at the Steel-Slag Interface Using Water Modeling Under Static and Dynamic Conditions
Effective inclusion removal is essential for making high-quality steel. The inclusion separation into the slag involved a step of flow across the slag-steel interface in the steelmaking process. This research study examines how polypropylene (PP) and hollow Al2O3 particles float in water and oil interface to simulate the inclusion floating process. Both static and dynamic (with water flow) conditions are studied. The movement of particles of various sizes and densities in a rectangular acrylic container are recorded by a high-speed camera setup. The experiment utilized water, silicone oil, and particles of varying sizes and densities to investigate the impact of physical properties on floating dynamics. Results demonstrated that under high viscosity conditions, particles were unable to cross the water-oil interface, despite having reduced densities. However, due to their lower viscosity, PP particles were able to float on top of the silicone oil. Using silicone oil with a viscosity of 0.0288 Pa·s, 3.96 mm PP particles displaced 70% of dimensionless displacement, whereas 3.93 mm hollow Al2O3 particles displaced 100% of dimensionless displacement. Dynamic measurements revealed that larger 3.9 mm Al2O3 particles moved 75% of dimensionless displacement in 0.2 s, compared to 65% of dimensionless displacement for smaller 3.1 mm Al2O3 particles. The terminal velocities of 3.93 mm Al2O3 particles were 0.143 m/s and 3.12 mm particles were 0.135 m/s. This study allows steelmakers to improve the process and assure better separation of inclusions, resulting in stronger, more reliable steel products. Received: 8 August 2024 | Revised: 2 December 2024 | Accepted: 27 December 2024 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Sajjad Muhammad: Investigation, Writing – original draft. Xin Tao: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Dekang Ren: Data curation, Visualization. Hongyu Zhang: Software, Validation, Investigation. Tao Liu: Software, Investigation, Data curation. Chao Chen: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration.